Mbnin

• Mac App That Shows Mouse Clicks Without
• Mouse Click App

Automating the User Interface

Unfortunately, not every Mac app has scripting support, and those that do may not always have scripting support for every task you want to automate. You can often work around such limitations, however, by writing a user interface script, commonly called a UI or GUI script. A user interface script simulates user interaction, such as mouse clicks and keystrokes, allowing the script to select menu items, push buttons, enter text into text fields, and more.

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Enabling User Interface Scripting

User interface scripting relies upon the OS X accessibility frameworks that provide alternative methods of querying and controlling the interfaces of apps and the system. By default, accessibility control of apps is disabled. For security and privacy reasons, the user must manually enable it on an app-by-app (including script apps) basis.

1. Launch System Preferences and click Security & Privacy.

2. Click Accessibility.

3. Choose an app and click Open.

When running an app that requires accessibility control for the first time, the system prompts you to enable it. See Figure 37-1.

Attempting to run an app that has not been given permission to use accessibility features results in an error. See Figure 37-2.

Note

To run a user interface script in Script Editor, you must enable accessibility for Script Editor.

Admin credentials are required to perform enable user interface scripting.

Targeting an App

User interface scripting terminology is found in the Processes Suite of the System Events scripting dictionary. This suite includes terminology for interacting with most types of user interface elements, including windows, buttons, checkboxes, menus, radio buttons, text fields, and more. In System Events, the process class represents a running app. Listing 37-1 shows how to target an app using this class.

APPLESCRIPT

1. tell application 'System Events'
2. tell process 'Safari'
3. -- Perform user interface scripting tasks
4. end tell
5. end tell

To control the user interface of an app, you must first inspect the app and determine its element hierarchy. This can be done by querying the app. For example, Listing 37-2 asks Safari for a list of menus in the menu bar.

APPLESCRIPT

1. tell application 'System Events'
2. tell process 'Safari'
3. name of every menu of menu bar 1
4. end tell
5. end tell
6. --> Result: {'Apple', 'Safari', 'File', 'Edit', 'View', 'History', 'Bookmarks', 'Develop', 'Window', 'Help'}

Accessibility Inspector (Figure 37-3) makes it even easier to identify user interface element information. This app is included with Xcode. To use it, open Xcode and select Xcode > Open Developer Tool > Accessibility Inspector.

Once you know how an element fits into an interface, you target it within that hierarchy. For example, button X of window Y of process Z.

Clicking a Button

Use the click command to click a button. Listing 37-3 clicks a button in the Safari toolbar to toggle the sidebar between open and closed.

APPLESCRIPT

1. tell application 'System Events'
2. tell process 'Safari'
3. tell toolbar of window 1
4. click (first button where its accessibility description = 'Sidebar')
5. end tell
6. end tell
7. end tell
8. --> Result: {button 1 of toolbar 1 of window 'AppleScript: Graphic User Interface (GUI) Scripting' of application process 'Safari' of application 'System Events'}

Choosing a Menu Item

Menu items can have a fairly deep hierarchy within the interface of an app. A menu item generally resides within a menu, which resides within a menu bar. In scripting, they must be addressed as such. Listing 37-4 selects the Pin Tab menu item in the Window menu of Safari.

APPLESCRIPT

Mac App That Shows Mouse Clicks Without

1. tell application 'System Events'
2. tell process 'Safari'
3. set frontmost to true
4. click menu item 'Pin Tab' of menu 'Window' of menu bar 1
5. end tell
6. end tell
7. --> Result: menu item 'Pin Tab' of menu 'Window' of menu bar item 'Window' of menu bar 1 of application process 'Safari' of application 'System Events'

Note

Scripting the user interface of an app can be tedious and repetitious. To streamline the process, consider creating handlers to perform common functions. For example, Listing 37-5 shows a handler that can be used to choose any menu item of any menu in any running app.

APPLESCRIPT

1. on chooseMenuItem(theAppName, theMenuName, theMenuItemName)
2. try
3. -- Bring the target app to the front
4. tell application theAppName
5. activate
6. end tell
7. -- Target the app
8. tell application 'System Events'
9. tell process theAppName
10. -- Target the menu bar
11. tell menu bar 1
12. -- Target the menu by name
13. tell menu bar item theMenuName
14. tell menu theMenuName
15. -- Click the menu item
16. click menu item theMenuItemName
17. end tell
18. end tell
19. end tell
20. end tell
21. end tell
22. return true
23. on error
24. return false
25. end try
26. end chooseMenuItem

Mouse Click App

Listing 37-6 calls the handler in Listing 37-5 to select the Pin Tab menu item in the Window menu of Safari.

APPLESCRIPT

Choosing a Submenu Item

Some menus contain other menus. In these cases, it may be necessary to select a menu item in a submenu of a menu. Listing 37-7 demonstrates how this would be done by selecting a submenu item in Safari.

APPLESCRIPT

1. tell application 'System Events'
2. tell process 'Safari'
3. set frontmost to true
4. click menu item 'Email This Page' of menu of menu item 'Share' of menu 'File' of menu bar 1
5. end tell
6. end tell
7. --> Result: {menu item 'Email This Page' of menu 'Share' of menu item 'Share' of menu 'File' of menu bar item 'File' of menu bar 1 of application process 'Safari' of application 'System Events'}

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